The changes often yield greater performance even on CPU-only machines.
The modifications typically increased the degree of parallelism, given that GPUs offer many more simultaneous threads than CPUs. The inclusion of GPUs compelled authors to alter their programs. They dealt mostly with molecular scale physics or climate models, while 25 others were queued behind them. Six vanguard programs were the first selected. Any selected programs must also be executable on other supercomputers to avoid sole dependence on Titan. Titan was available for any scientific purpose access depends on the importance of the project and its potential to exploit the hybrid architecture. This was enough to take first place in the November 2012 list by the TOP500 organization, but Tianhe-2 overtook it on the June 2013 list. It used 18,688 CPUs paired with an equal number of GPUs to perform at a theoretical peak of 27 petaFLOPS in the LINPACK benchmark used to rank supercomputers' speed, it performed at 17.59 petaFLOPS. Titan employed AMD Opteron CPUs in conjunction with Nvidia Tesla GPUs to improve energy efficiency while providing an order of magnitude increase in computational power over Jaguar. Titan was eclipsed at Oak Ridge by Summit in 2019, which was built by IBM and features fewer nodes with much greater GPU capability per node as well as local per-node non-volatile caching of file data from the system's parallel file system.
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The initial cost of the upgrade was US$60 million, funded primarily by the United States Department of Energy. The upgrade began in October 2011, commenced stability testing in October 2012 and it became available to researchers in early 2013. Titan was the first such hybrid to perform over 10 petaFLOPS. Titan was an upgrade of Jaguar, a previous supercomputer at Oak Ridge, that uses graphics processing units (GPUs) in addition to conventional central processing units (CPUs).
Titan or OLCF-3 was a supercomputer built by Cray at Oak Ridge National Laboratory for use in a variety of science projects. US$97 million (equivalent to $124 million in 2022)įirst GPU based supercomputer to perform over 10 petaFLOPS (A golf ball has a mass of 45.9 grams.Became operational Octodecommissioned August 2, 2019Ħ93.5 TiB (584 TiB CPU and 109.5 TiB GPU)
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Using these numbers plus the density of gold at room temperature (19.3 g/cm 3), the coating is calculated to use 48.25g of gold, about equal to the mass of a golf ball. Thickness of gold coating = 100 x 10 -9 meters (1000 angstroms). The longer wavelengths enable Webb to look much closer to the beginning of time and to hunt for the unobserved formation of the first galaxies, as well as to look inside dust clouds where stars and planetary systems are forming today.Īpprox 6200 kg, including observatory, on-orbit consumables and launchĢ0.1 kg for a single beryllium mirror, 39.48 kg for one entire primary mirror segment assembly (PMSA).ġ.5 million km from Earth orbiting the L2 Point The James Webb Space Telescope (sometimes called JWST or Webb) is an orbiting infrared observatory that willĬomplement and extend the discoveries of the Hubble Space Telescope, with longer wavelength coverage and greatly improved sensitivity.
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